Demonetisation of the high-value currency notes of ₹500 and ₹1,000 did not have any discernible impact on currency in circulation (CIC) in the country, which has soared by almost 83% since its announcement on November 8, 2016.
The Supreme Court on Monday upheld the decision of the government on demonetisation.
On November 8, 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had announced demonetisation of old ₹1,000 and ₹500 banknotes and one of the key objectives of the unprecedented decision was to promote digital payments and curb black money flows.
According to the Reserve Bank data, the CIC in value terms soared from ₹17.74 lakh crore on November 4, 2016, to ₹32.42 lakh crore on December 23, 2022.
However, soon after demonetisation, the CIC fell precipitously to a low of about ₹9 lakh crore on January 6, 2017, nearly 50% of ₹17.74 lakh crore on November 4, 2016.
This was the lowest in the past six years following the scrapping of old ₹500/₹1,000 bank notes that accounted for around 86% of the total notes at that time.
Compared with January 6, 2017, the CIC has seen a more than 3-fold or 260% jump, while from November 4, 2016, it has seen about 83% jump.
As remonetisation gathered pace, CIC moved up week after week and reached 74.3% of the peak by the end of the financial year. Subsequently around 85% of its pre-demonetisation peak at the end of June 2017.
Demonetisation led to a decline in CIC by about ₹8,99,700 crore (up to January 6, 2017) resulting in a large increase in surplus liquidity within the banking system, equivalent to a cut in the Cash Reserve Ratio (percentage of deposits parked with the RBI) by about 9%.
This posed a challenge to the Reserve Bank's liquidity management operations and the central bank used instruments, especially reverse repo auctions under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF) window to absorb surplus liquidity in the banking system.
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CIC rose to ₹32.42 lakh crore at the end of December 23, 2022 as compared to ₹31.33 lakh crore at the end of March 31, 2022.
Since demonetisation, CIC has seen an increase barring the year of demonetisation. CIC contracted by 20.18% to ₹13.10 lakh crore at the end of March, 2016 from ₹16.42 lakh crore at the end of March 31, 2015.
In the following year of demonetisation, it jumped by 37.67% to ₹18.03 lakh crore and surged 17.03% to ₹21.10 lakh crore at the end of March 2019 and 14.69% to ₹24.20 lakh crore at the end of 2020.
In the previous two years, the pace of CIC growth in value terms was 16.77% to ₹28.26 lakh crore on March 31, 2021, and 9.86% to ₹31.05 lakh crore at the end of March 31, 2022.
Asserting that the decision-making process was not flawed, the Supreme Court in a 4:1 majority verdict upheld the government's 2016 decision to demonetise the ₹1,000 and ₹500 denomination notes.
There has to be great restraint in matters of economic policy and the Court cannot supplant the wisdom of the executive by a judicial review of its decision, a five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, headed by Justice S. A. Nazeer, said.
Justice B. V. Nagarathna dissented from the majority judgment on the point of the Centre's powers under section 26(2) of the RBI Act and said the scrapping of the ₹500 and ₹1,000 series notes had to be done through legislation and not through a notification.
"Parliament should have discussed the law on demonetisation, the process should not have been done through a gazette notification. Parliament cannot be left aloof on an issue of such critical importance for the country," Justice Nagarathna said.
She also said there was no independent application of mind by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and only its opinion was sought, which cannot be said to be a recommendation.
The Bench, also comprising justices B. R. Gavai, A. S. Bopanna, and V. Ramasubramanian, said the Centre's decision-making process could not have been flawed as there was consultation between the RBI and the Union government.
The Supreme Court’s judgment came on a batch of 58 petitions challenging the demonetisation exercise announced by the Centre on November 8, 2016.
