Strong solar storm hits Earth, could disrupt communications and produce northern lights in U.S.

Rare severe solar storm could produce northern lights in the U.S., disrupt power and communications this weekend

The aurora borealis, northern lights, light up the sky over the ocean off Gloucester, Massachusetts, U.S., May 10, 2024. | Photo Credit: Reuters

An unusually strong solar storm hitting Earth could produce northern lights in the U.S. this weekend and potentially disrupt power and communications.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) issued a rare severe geomagnetic storm warning when a solar outburst reached Earth in the afternoon of May 10, hours sooner than anticipated. The effects were due to last through the weekend and possibly into next week.

In Pictures | Northern Lights: sightings across Europe

Northern lights appear over the Dreisamtal valley in the Black Forest near Freiburg, Germany.

Northern lights are seen over the lake near Szczytno, Poland.

Northern lights glow in the night sky above the village of Daillens, Switzerland.

Northern lights shine over Portsmouth.

The Northern Lights appear in the night sky over East Brandenburg.

The Northern Lights appear in the night sky over East Brandenburg.

People watch the aurora borealis, northern lights, light up the sky over the ocean off Gloucester, Massachusetts, U.S.

Northern lights or aurora borealis during a solar storm over the National Monument of Scotland in Edinburgh

Northern lights or aurora borealis illuminate the night sky near London, Ontario, during a geomagnetic storm

The northern lights glow in the sky over St. Croix State Forest near Markville, Minnesota.

The northern lights glow in the sky over St. Croix State Forest near Markville, Minnesota.

The northern lights glow in the sky over St. Croix State Forest near Markville, Minnesota.

The northern lights glow in the sky over St. Croix State Forest near Markville, Minnesota.

The crescent moon sets below the northern lights near Skidmore, New York.

Northern lights glow in the sky near Kroschel, Minnesota.

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NOAA alerted operators of power plants and spacecraft in orbit to take precautions, as well as the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

“For most people here on planet Earth, they won’t have to do anything,” said Rob Steenburgh, a scientist with NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center.

The storm could produce northern lights as far south in the U.S. as Alabama and Northern California, according to NOAA. But it was hard to predict and experts stressed it would not be the dramatic curtains of color normally associated with the northern lights, but more like splashes of greenish hues.

“That’s really the gift from space weather — the aurora,” said Mr. Steenburgh. He and his colleagues said the best aurora views may come from phone cameras, which are better at capturing light than the naked eye.

Snap a picture of the sky and “there might be actually a nice little treat there for you,” said Mike Bettwy, operations chief for the prediction center.

The most intense solar storm in recorded history, in 1859, prompted auroras in central America and possibly even Hawaii. “We are not anticipating that” but it could come close, said NOAA space weather forecaster Shawn Dahl.

This storm poses a risk for high-voltage transmission lines for power grids, not the electrical lines ordinarily found in people’s homes, Mr. Dahl told reporters. Satellites also could be affected, which in turn could disrupt navigation and communication services here on Earth.

An extreme geomagnetic storm in 2003, for example, took out power in Sweden and damaged power transformers in South Africa.

Even when the storm is over, signals between GPS satellites and ground receivers could be scrambled or lost, according to NOAA. But there are so many navigation satellites that any outages should not last long, Mr. Steenburgh noted.

The sun has produced strong solar flares since May 8, resulting in at least seven outbursts of plasma. Each eruption — known as a coronal mass ejection — can contain billions of tons of plasma and magnetic field from the sun’s outer atmosphere, or corona.

The flares seem to be associated with a sunspot that’s 16 times the diameter of Earth, according to NOAA. It’s all part of the solar activity that’s ramping up as the sun approaches the peak of its 11-year cycle.

NASA said the storm posed no serious threat to the seven astronauts aboard the International Space Station. The biggest concern is the increased radiation levels, and the crew could move to a better shielded part of the station if necessary, according to Mr. Steenburgh.

Increased radiation also could threaten some of NASA’s science satellites. Extremely sensitive instruments will be turned off, if necessary, to avoid damage, said Antti Pulkkinen, director of the space agency’s heliophysics science division.

Several sun-focused spacecraft are monitoring all the action.

“This is exactly the kinds of things we want to observe,” Mr. Pulkkinen said.